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Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (;〔("Wittgenstein" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge.〔Dennett, Daniel. ("Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosopher" ), ''Time'' magazine, 29 March 1999.〕 During his lifetime he published just one slim book, the 75-page ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'' (1921), one article, one book review and a children's dictionary.〔For his publications during his lifetime, see Monk, R., ''How to read Wittgenstein''. W.W. Norton & Company. 2005, p. 5. *For the number of words published in his lifetime, see Stern, David. ("The Bergen Electronic Edition of Wittgenstein's ''Nachlass''" ), ''The European Journal of Philosophy''. Vol 18, issue 3, September 2010.〕 His voluminous manuscripts were edited and published posthumously. ''Philosophical Investigations'' appeared as a book in 1953, and by the end of the century it was considered an important modern classic.〔A poll among some 400 american university and college philosophy teachers ranked it at number one in 1999; see Lackey, Douglas ("What Are the Modern Classics? The Baruch Poll of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century" ), ''Philosophical Forum''. 30 (4), December 1999, pp. 329–346. For a summary of the poll, see here (). Retrieved 3 September 2010.〕 His teacher Bertrand Russell described Wittgenstein as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived; passionate, profound, intense, and dominating."〔For the Russell quote, see McGuinness, Brian. ''Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig 1889–1921''. University of California Press, 1988, p. 118.〕 Born in Vienna into one of Europe's richest families, he inherited a large fortune from his father in 1913. He gave some considerable sums to poor artists. In a period of severe personal depression after the first World War, he then gave away his entire fortune to his brothers and sisters.〔When his father died in 1913 and Ludwig inherited a considerable fortune... Then, after the First World War, in which he fought as a volunteer in the Austro-Hungarian army, he gave away his entire fortune to his brothers and sisters and, plagued by depression, sought refuge in Lower Austria, where he worked as a primary school teacher. (Institute http://www.goethe.de/ges/phi/prt/en2341144.htm )〕〔Duffy, Bruce. ("The do-it-yourself life of Ludwig Wittgenstein" ), ''The New York Times'', 13 November 1988, p. 4/10. *For his selling his furniture, see ("Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus and Teaching" ), Cambridge Wittgenstein archive. Retrieved 4 September 2010.〕 Three of his brothers committed suicide, with Wittgenstein contemplating it too.〔For the brothers' suicides, see Waugh, Alexander. ("The Wittgensteins: Viennese whirl" ), ''The Daily Telegraph'', 30 August 2008. *Also see Gottlieb, Anthony. ("A Nervous Splendor" ), ''The New Yorker'', 9 April 2009.〕 He left academia several times—serving as an officer on the front line during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages where he encountered controversy for hitting children when they made mistakes in mathematics; and working as a hospital porter during World War II in London where he told patients not to take the drugs they were prescribed while largely managing to keep secret the fact that he was one of the world's most famous philosophers.〔Monk, R., ''Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius''. Free Press, 1990, pp. 232–233, 431. *For his commendation, see Waugh, A., ''The House of Wittgenstein: a Family at War''. Random House of Canada, 2008, p. 114.〕 He described philosophy, however, as "the only work that gives me real satisfaction."〔Malcolm, (Additional note) p. 84.〕 His philosophy is often divided into an early period, exemplified by the ''Tractatus'', and a later period, articulated in the ''Philosophical Investigations''. The early Wittgenstein was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world and believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship, he had solved all philosophical problems. The later Wittgenstein rejected many of the assumptions of the ''Tractatus'', arguing that the meaning of words is best understood as their use within a given language-game.〔(PDF )〕 Wittgenstein's influence has been felt in nearly every field of the humanities and social sciences, yet there are diverging interpretations of his thought. In the words of his friend and colleague Georg Henrik von Wright: He was of the opinion... that his ideas were generally misunderstood and distorted even by those who professed to be his disciples. He doubted he would be better understood in the future. He once said he felt as though he was writing for people who would think in a different way, breathe a different air of life, from that of present-day men.〔Malcolm, p. 6.〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ludwig Wittgenstein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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